The Prevalence of Isolated Systolic Hypertension at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India : An Observational Study

Background and Objectives : Hypertension is a significant public health issue. Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH) was once considered to be a benign aspect among the aging population, but an association with an increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease is now known. ISH shows an increasing prevalence with increase in age. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of ISH among adults in Eastern India. Methods : This study evaluated the adult population (aged 18-70 years) attending the NRS Medical College and Hospital, a Tertiary Care Center in East India. The clinical characteristics and echocardiographic findings were also evaluated. Results : A total of 800 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 75 (9.37%) had ISH. Blood Pressure increased with age. The most common echocardiographic change observed in ISH patients was increased Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), while concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) was more common in women than men with isolated Systolic Hypertension. The incidence of LVMI increased as the severity of ISH increased. Furthermore, patients with stage 3 ISH were nearly 4 times more likely to develop Proteinuria. Conclusion : The findings of this study are in line with previous studies evaluating the presence of ISH in the adult Indian population. There is need for effective population screening along with effective treatment for Blood Pressure to reduce morbidity and mortality. Primary prevention strategies may be the need of the hour in the Indian population which is at risk of cardiovascular Disease associated with Hypertension

Factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en pacientes mayores de 18 años

RESUMEN Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar de las mejoras en los resultados clínicos y la introducción de nuevos fármacos. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de factores riesgo en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto de 18 años o más. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos y testigos en pacientes con el diagnóstico de enfermedad cardiovascular que acuden al servicio de medicina interna del Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, desde el 5 de enero de 2017 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se tuvo en cuenta la edad, género, comorbilidad y los marcadores biológicos. Resultados: dentro de las variables cualitativas el hábito de fumar fue el factor más importante (OR: 3,60; IC: 1,664-7,787; p: 0,001) mientras que de las cuantitativas fue la hipertensión sistólica (OR: 11,50; IC: 1,457-90,896; p: 0,004). El análisis multivariado, mostró que la hipertensión sistólica fue el factor de riesgo independiente más relevante (OR: 11,52; IC del 95%: 3,077- 43,168; p: 0,000) seguido tener como antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (OR: 5,91; IC del 95%: 1,674-20,910). Conclusiones: sobresale como factor de riesgo independiente más importante la hipertensión sistólica, seguida de padecer de diabetes mellitus y tener edad igual o superior a 60 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in clinical results and the introduction of new drugs. Objective: to evaluate the influence of risk factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases in adults aged 18 years or older. Method: a retrospective study of cases and controls was carried out in patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease who attend the internal medicine service of the General University Hospital "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes," Bayamo, Granma, from January 5, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Within the risk factors, age, gender, comorbidity and biological markers were taken into account. Results: among the qualitative variables, smoking was the most important factor (OR: 3.60; CI: 1.664-7.787; p: 0.001) while among the quantitative variables it was systolic hypertension (OR: 11.50; CI: 1457-90896, p: 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that systolic hypertension was the most relevant independent risk factor (OR: 11.52; 95% CI: 3.077-43.168; p: 0.000) followed by having a history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 5.91 ;95% CI: 1674-20910). Conclusions: systolic hypertension stands out as the most important independent risk factor, followed by suffering from diabetes mellitus and being 60 years of age or older.

RESUMO Introdução: as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, apesar da melhora nos resultados clínicos e da introdução de novos medicamentos. Objetivo: avaliar a influência dos fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares em adultos com 18 anos ou mais. Método: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles em pacientes diagnosticados com doenças cardiovasculares que frequentam o serviço de medicina interna do Hospital Geral Universitário "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, de 5 de janeiro de 2017 a 31 de dezembro de 2018 Dentro dos fatores de risco foram considerados idade, sexo, comorbidade e marcadores biológicos. Resultados: entre as variáveis ​​qualitativas, o tabagismo foi o fator mais importante (OR: 3,60; IC: 1,664-7,787; p: 0,001) enquanto entre as variáveis ​​quantitativas foi a hipertensão sistólica (OR: 11,50; IC: 1457-90896, p: 0,004). A análise multivariada mostrou que a hipertensão sistólica foi o fator de risco independente mais relevante (OR: 11,52; IC 95%: 3,077-43,168; p: 0,000) seguido por história de diabetes mellitus (OR: 5,91; IC 95%: 1674-20910 ). Conclusões: a hipertensão sistólica destaca-se como o fator de risco independente mais importante, seguido por diabetes mellitus e idade igual ou superior a 60 anos.

Isolated systolic hypertension in very elderly

Globally, hypertension is a common problem in the elderly, and its prevalence increases with increasing age. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) subset is more common in the very elderly population, and as the population ages, its prevalence will rise more and more. In the past, treatment of hypertension (HT) in the very elderly was controversial and either no treatment or complications of treatment risk overweigh the benefits observed. The inclusion of elders in various clinical trials has demonstrated a better understanding and rational approach toward optimal management of HT. Systolic blood pressure (BP) is more important in predicting adverse cerebrovascular outcomes and decline in renal function in elderly patients with ISH. Early detection, protection of target organs, correction of high BP will develop, promote, and corroborate healthy aging.

Undiagnosed Isolated Systolic and Diastolic Hypertension Subtypes and Their Correlates in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Survey

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to identify the distribution of undiagnosed isolated hypertension subtypes and their correlates amongst adults aged 35 years and older in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demography and Health Survey 2011. METHODS: Out of a total of 17,964 selected households, 7,880 were included in the final analysis for this study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were measured 3× at 10-minute intervals. Hypertension subtypes were defined for individuals not under antihypertensive treatment as systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH): systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg; isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH): SBP < 140 mm Hg and DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg, and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH): SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP < 90 mm Hg. RESULTS: The predominant hypertension subtypes were SDH and IDH [5.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.7–5.1] followed by ISH (3.8%; 95% CI: 3.4–4.2). Multiple logistic regression showed that age and gender were significant predictors of ISH. SDH was associated with females [odds ratio (OR): 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.6], the older age group (OR-7.4; 95% CI: 4.3–12.7), and overweight or obese individuals (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.4). Non-manual work (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0]) and being overweight or obese (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–2.8) were factors associated with IDH. CONCLUSION: ISH, IDH and SDH represent salient subtypes of hypertension in Bangladesh. To identify preventive intervention for averting adverse cardiovascular events, further research is needed.

Atherosclerosis of subjects with isolated systolic hypertension, and some risk factors in which affected / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#It has been found that morphological changes of elastic and elastic-muscular arteries wall are the main role in elevation of systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has been found that to be associated with cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. And according to national study of prevalence of risk factors on non-communicable disease, it found that risk of CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) is a high among Mongolian and one fifth has more than 3 risk factors of atherosclerosis. The researchers found that atherosclerosis begins relative in young people and endothelial dysfunction is without clinical signs of CVD among Mongolian.@*Purpose @#To determine the atherosclerotic changes and associated with some risk factors of subjects with Isolated systolic hypertension.@*Materials and Methods@#We used hospital-based cross-sectional study design. Data collection was conducted using questionnaire, body measurement, and laboratory methods. A standardized questionnaire was used according to the methodology from the “STEPs” Survey on the prevalence of Non-communicable disease and injury risk factors, body weight, height and blood pressure were measured by standard method. @*Results @#In group with ISH, maximal IMT of CCA was 1.46±0.44mm, systolic diameter was 5.89±0.68mm, diastolic diameter was 6.34±0.73mm respectively which were significantly higher than normotensive group (1.21±0.28mm, 5.58±0.59mm, 5.99±0.58mm) (p<0.05). Furthermore we studied plaques of carotid artery, and atherosclerotic plaques were revealed in 69.2 percent of subjects with ISH which was significantly higher compared with normotensive subjects (p=0.003). And resistive, pulsative and stiffness indexes were significantly higher in group with ISH which represents vascular resistance of CCA. But end-diastolic velocity of CCA significantly reduced in group with ISH (p=0.015). We found that atherosclerotic index increases every year by 6.5 percent, every one mm Hg of systolic blood pressure by 3.7 percent and every year of increasing blood pressure by 10.5 percent respectively.@*Conclusion@#</br> 1. Atherosclerotic changes were revealed more in subjects with ISH compared to subjects with normotensive. </br> 2. Advancing age, long duration of smoking, a high level of systolic blood pressure, having a high systolic blood pressure level for a long time and high consumption of salt intake are accelerating atherosclerotic changes of carotid artery. </br> 3. According to increasing atherosclerotic change, blood stream velocity of carotid artery is decreasing and resistive and pulsative indexes are increasing.

Criterios y actitudes de grupos de médicos sobre la hipertensión sistólica aislada / Criteria and attitudes of groups of doctors on isolated systolic hypertension

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial sistólica aislada es un riesgo importante para la salud, por ser la expresión de la fase final del remodelado vascular, por su alta frecuencia y morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas. Representa entre el 45 por ciento y el 76 por ciento de los hipertensos no controlados. Objetivos: identificar criterios diagnósticos y terapéuticos sobre la hipertensión arterial sistólica aislada de médicos de diferentes especialidades clínicas de la ciudad de La Habana. Métodos: se realizaron tres encuestas a 1 098 médicos especialistas de la ciudad de La Habana por el mismo autor en los periodos, 2001-2005, 2006-2010 y 2015-2016 para dar respuestas a 4 preguntas básicas: ¿Cuál fue el criterio empleado para su diagnóstico?, ¿Cuáles eran las fuentes de conocimientos?, ¿Qué medidas terapéuticas empleaban para su tratamiento? ¿Cuáles fueron las metas de presión arterial sistólica a alcanzar? Resultados: entre el 23,2 por ciento y el 59,2 por ciento de los encuestados utilizan el 4to ruido de Korotkoff para el diagnóstico de la presión arterial diastólica. Las guías de consensos fueron utilizadas entre el 42,2 por ciento y el 8 por ciento y las cubanas entre 40,2 por ciento y el 79,2 por ciento, mientras que la experiencia clínica osciló entre el 78,8 por ciento y el 98,9 por ciento. El 100 por ciento emplean tratamiento no farmacológico. En el tratamiento farmacológico, los diuréticos (70 por ciento-85 por ciento) fueron la primera opción. La mayoría de los médicos encuestados inician tratamiento farmacológico con cifras a partir de hipertensión arterial sistólica de 140 mm Hg. Hasta un 40,7 por ciento en algunas de la encuestas no consideró necesario utilizar de medicamentos antihipertensivos en mayores de 60 años. Entre el 36 por ciento y 69 por ciento lo inician en menores de 60 años teniendo como meta presiones igual a 140 mmHg y entre 23 por ciento y el 74,4 por ciento en los mayores de 60 años usando de 140 mmHg como meta de tratamiento. Conclusiones: un tercio de médicos de especialidades clínicas emplea el 4to ruido de Korotkoff como técnica para medir la hipertensión sistólica aislada. Insuficiente utilización de las guías, tanto nacionales como las extranjeras. El tratamiento no farmacológico fue universalmente aceptado, no así el farmacológico, siendo los diuréticos la primera opción terapéutica. Hay especialistas que son tolerantes y no tratan adecuadamente la HSA, sobre todo en pacientes con 60 o más edad. La gran mayoría de los encuestados utilizan como objetivo del tratamiento cifras iguales o inferiores a 140 mmHg de presión arterial sistólica. Se necesita actualizar conceptos y criterios sobre la HSA(AU)

Introduction: Isolated systolic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important risk for health, as it is the expression of vascular remodeling final phase, due to its high frequency and associated morbidity and mortality, representing between 45 percent - 76 percent of uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Objectives: Identify diagnostic and therapeutic criteria on isolated systolic arterial hypertension of professionals from different clinical specialties in Havana. Methods: Three surveys were conducted in Havana by the same author in 2001-2005, 2006-2010 and 2015-2016 to answer four basic questions: What was the criterion used for diagnosis? What were the sources of knowledge? What therapeutic measures did doctors use for their treatment? What were the goals of systolic blood pressure to achieve? Results: The respondents who used the 4th korotkoff noise for diastolic blood pressure diagnosis ranged between 23.2 percent and 59.2 percent. Consensus guidelines were used between 42.2 percent and 8 percent and the Cuban guidelines were used between 40.2 percent and 79.2 percent, while clinical experience ranged between 78.8 percent and 98.9 percent.100 percent uses non-pharmacological treatment. In the pharmacological treatment, diuretics (70 percent -85 percent) were the first option. Most of the doctors surveyed started pharmacological treatment with figures from systolic arterial hypertension of 140 mmHg. In some of the surveys, up to 40.7 percent do not consider it necessary to use antihypertensive drugs in people over 60 years of age. Those who started in patients under 60 years of age ranged between 36 percent and 69 percent with a target pressure of = 140 mmHg and between 23 percent and 74.4 percent in those over 60 using 140 mmHg as a treatment goal. Conclusions: One third of physicians of clinical specialties use the 4th korotkoff noise as a technique to measure isolated systolic hypertension. Insufficient use of the guides, both national and foreign was observed. The non-pharmacological treatment was universally accepted. Diuretics are still the first pharmacological option treatment. There are specialists who are tolerant and do not treat systolic arterial hypertension adequately, especially in patients older than 60 years. The vast majority of the respondents used figures of equal to or less than 140 mmHg systolic blood pressure as the treatment goal. It is necessary to update concepts and criteria about systolic arterial hypertension(AU)

Is Chinese herbal medicine effective for elderly isolated systolic hypertension? A systematic review and meta-analysis / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the efficacy of Chinese medicine (CM) on isolated systolic hypertension.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until August 2015. Subgroup analyses and meta-analysis were performed to assess the efficacy and safety of the included studies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 24 studies, including 2,096 patients (1,058 patients in the intervention group and 1,038 in the control group), were evaluated in the final analysis. Compared with a conventional therapy used alone, CM as additional intervention was more effective on systolic blood pressure [mean difference (MD)=-0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=(-0.97,-0.36), P<0.00001] and significantly diminished the pulse pressure [MD=-7.49, CI=(-12.69,-2.29), P<0.00001]. However it showed no additional benefit on diastolic blood pressure [MD=1.16, CI=(0.02, 2.29), P=0.87]. Adverse events were not explicitly reported in most RCTs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CM might be a promising approach for the elderly with isolated systolic hypertension, while the evidence for CM employed alone was insufficient. Considering the inherent limitations of the included studies, larger high-quality RCTs with extensive follow-up should be performed to validate our findings in the future.</p>

Prevalence of Hypertension and Glycaemic Control in Adult Type-2 Diabetes Patients: A Preliminary Retrospective Cohort Study in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Introduction: Hypertension (HPT) is the most common co-morbidity among type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients which ominously increased their morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We aimed to determine the prevalence and control status of HPT, and also the glycemic control among T2DM patients in a primary care clinic in Kuantan, Pahang. Methods: It was a retrospective study of 154 T2DM patients’ records, aged ≥18 years selected by random sampling. The statistical analysis is done by using Chisquare test, paired sample “t” test and ANOVA “F” test. Results: Among T2DM patients; 47% were Malay, 45% Chinese and 9% Indian. The prevalence of HPT was 72.1% and majority of T2DM patients were women (60%). Out of 82 T2DM aged >60 years, 80.5% were hypertensive. 67.2% of T2DM patients between the age of 40-60 years and 25% age 60 years showed increments in systolic HPT and diastolic HPT which were significant (p<0.0001). Regarding glycemic parameters, 71.4% T2DM patients had poor controlled level of Hb1Ac (≥6.5) and only 20.1% remained controlled after one year (p<0.0001). Conclusions: This pilot study found high prevalence of HPT, increasing prevalence of systolic HPT and diastolic HPT in older age group as well as poor glycemic control among T2DM patients.

Prevalence and Trends of Isolated Systolic Hypertension among Korean Adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure may have different effects on cardiovascular disease, but limited data is available for hypertension subtypes in the Korean population. Thus, the prevalence, and absolute number of hypertension subtypes among Korean adults was estimated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2012 was used to estimate the prevalence and absolute number of each hypertension subtype among Korean adults aged > or =20 years. Hypertension was classified into four subtypes: treated hypertension (TH), isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH). RESULTS: In 2012, approximately 9.5 million adults were estimated to have hypertension, which consists of 5675671 TH (60.0%), 954253 ISH (10.1%), 1649486 IDH (17.4%), and 1175506 SDH (12.4%). Between 2010 and 2012, the proportion of IDH steadily decreased with age, but ISH increased especially in older ages (> or =40). Between 1998 and 2012, TH markedly increased from 1.4 million to 5.7 million while the number of untreated hypertension remained relatively constant. During the same time, the number of hypertensive elderlies increased from 507000 to 2822000 along with rapid ageing of the Korean population. Despite of significant improvement in treatment rate, there are still around 583000 elderlies with untreated hypertension (423000 ISH; 42000 IDH; 118000 SDH) as of 2012. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of hypertension has been constant over the last decades, absolute number of people with hypertension has been increasing. Along with the rapid population ageing, the number of elderly hypertension is increasing and the ISH is also becoming more prevalent.

The relationship between the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension and the stages of chronic kidney disease in chronic kidney disease outpatient clinic / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in chronic kidney disease outpatient clinic.Methods CKD patients of stages 1,2,3,4 and 5 were recruited (n=626).Based on office systolic pressure (SBP) and diastolic pressure (DBP),they were classified into four subtypes:normotension (＜ 140/90 mmHg),isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH,SBP ＜ 140 mmHg and DBP ≥ 90 mmHg),ISH (SBP≥ 140 mmHg and DBP ＜ 90 mmHg) and systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH,SBP≥140 mmHg and DBP≥90 mmHg).Results The control rate of blood pressure was 86.4％,75.6％,65.3％,51.0％ and 37.0％ at CKD stage 1,2,3,4 and 5,respectively,which decreased with the advancement of CKD.There was a stepwise increase in the prevalence of ISH (0,9.2％,23.9％,28.6％ and 37.0％ at CKD stage 1,2,3,4 and 5,respectively) and SDH (4.5％,8.4％,8.0％,17.3％,21.9％ at CKD stage 1,2,3,4 and 5,respectively).Logistic regression analysis showed that age,diabetes and CKD stages were independent predictors of ISH.Compared with CKD stage 1-2,CKD stage 3,4 and 5 showed 2.388,2.697 and 5.980 folds risk in developing ISH.Conclusion The prevalence of ISH increases correspondingly with the advancement of stages of CKD,which may partially contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality during the progress of CKD.

Effect of kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method on expression of Malb and RBP in senile patients with isolated systolic hypertension / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective Kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method was adopted in treating senile patients with isolated systolic hypertension to observe its decompression effects and influences on microalbunminuria (Malb),retinol binding protein (RBP) level in 24 hours.Methods 90 patients with simple systolic hypertension were randomly recurited into two groups.52 cases in the treatment group were administered with kidney-supplementing and blood-activating decoction,including 1 case falling off and 51 cases entering statistical analysis; 38 cases in the control group were administered with oral placebo,among them 2 cases were fallen offand 36 cases were entered statistical analysis.Both groups were treated for 8 weeks.Results () Blood pressure:systolic blood pressure at 4 and 8 weeks after the treatment in the treatment group [(144.03±12.33)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133kPa) and (132.27±13.15)mmHg] wassignificantlyimproved than before the treatment [(156.32±12.05)mm Hg] (P＜0.05),and also significantly better than the control group at 4,8 weeks after the treatment [(151.19± 13.83)mm Hg,(152.74± 12.03)mm Hg] (P＜0.05).②The Malb,RBP level:Malb,RBP level [(40.80±13.51)mg/L,(150.43±23.62)mg/L] after the treatment in the treatment group was reduced than before the treatment [(50.14± 15.61)mg/L,(220.04±30.20) mg/L] (P＜0.05),and was significantly different to the control group after treatment [(52.12±14.69)mg/L,(219.34±34.37)mg/L] (P＜0.05).Conclusion Kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method can improve kidney function,and thus to reduce the effect of systolic blood pressure.

Isolated systolic hypertension and physical activity / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionIsolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has been found to increase the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease significantly among both middle-aged and elderly men and women. ISH is a higher risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) than isolated diastolic hypertension. Because of this it is important to determine the prevalence of ISH and its associated risk factors in order to reduce CVD mortality and morbidity in Mongolia.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the physical activity of people with ISH to it of people with normal blood pressure (BP).Мaterials and MethodsWe examined the physical activity using the data of “Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease and Injury Risk Factors-2009”. ISH was defined as systolic BP≥140 mmHg and diastolic BP<90 mmHg. The Control (normotensive) group comprised subjects whose systolic BP<140 mmHg and diastolic BP<90 mmHg. Using to approach of WHO “STEPS” Survey, physical activity was assessed on intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity at work, in recreational settings and during transportation using complex set of 16 questions.ResultsAccording to the survey results, 74% of people who had normal BP and 48.7% of people with ISH engaged in moderate levels of physical activity in recreational settings daily a week. It was statistically difference in two groups. Males with ISH were more likely to engage in high levels of physical activity at work and in recreational settings compared to females. In terms of age differences, moderate and high levels of physical activity at work decreased steadily with age. Mean duration and frequency of physical activity a week weren”t difference in two groups.ConclusionFrequency of physical activity decreased with age in respondents with Isolated systolic hypertension. Males engaged more in high levels of physical activity at work and in recreational settings more than females. Moderate levels of physical activity in recreational settings was lower in respondents with ISH compared to respondents who had normal blood pressure (p<0.05).

At what age group blood pressure discontinue to increase? An assessment using change-point analysis.

Aim To study at what age group blood pressure ceases to increase for women and men Methods Applying change-point technique, we used our existing database - mega base-line cross-sectional Hulu Langat Health Study that was initiated in 2000 - to locate the most appropriate age limit in planning promotive, preventive and controlling strategies against systolic hypertension. Results Systolic hypertension was found to be constantly increasing for both gender right from the early age until the middle age group. However, women achieved the systolic peak 15 years earlier (at 41-45 years old) than men (at 56-60 years old). Systolic blood pressure was steadily declined after the peak. Conclusions Hypertension intervention, we recommend age before 40 (women) and 55 (men) be the most appropriate period to apply various public health intervention, after that, the action must be exclusively curative.

Effect of Benidipine-atorvastatin Combination Therapy on Inflammatory Markers and Flow-mediated Dilatation in Elderly Patients with Isolated Systolic Hypertension / 中华高血压杂志

Objective The effect of combined treatment of statins and calcium channel blockers(CCB) in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension(ISH) are not well understood.The purpose of the present study was to assess the additive effect of benidipine-atorvastatin combination therapy in old patients with ISH.Methods Ninety patients with ISH were randomized to receive: placebo(n=15),benidipine treatment(4-8 mg/d,n=25),atorvastatin(20 mg/d,n=25) and benidipine plus atorvastatin treatment(4-8 mg/d+20 mg/d,n=25) for 5 months.Serum concentrations of IL-6,IL-8,hsCRP,flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery,urine microalbumin,left ventricular mass index(LVMI),carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT),BP and plasma lipids profiles were examined before and after treatment.Results After 5-months of treatment,the combination treatment significantly reduced IL-6(IL-6 reduction magnitude,combination group: 6.5+6.3 ng/L vs benidipine group: 3.1?3.2 ng/L vs atorvastatin group: 3.3?2.3 ng/L,P

Warfarin use has no effect on blood pressure of patients with Diabetes and hypertension / Uso da warfarina não tem efeitos sobre a pressão arterial em pacientes com diabetes e hipertensão arterial sistêmica

Introduction: Warfarin causes arterial calcification, arterial stiffness and systolic hypertension in animals. Early evidence in humans indicates that a similar effect may occur in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hypertension. Objective: To evaluate whether warfarin use causes elevated blood pressure and pulse pressure in patients with both DM and hypertension. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 159 subjects with both DM and hypertension who received warfarin for at least 2 years and 159 age-matched control subjects with DM and hypertension never exposed to warfarin. The primary focus of analysis was the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) between the two groups. Results: Average age was 73±10 years in both groups. Patients in the warfarin group had received it for an average of 5.5±3.1 years. Subjects in the warfarin group had higher rates of coronary disease and heart failure. SBP and PP were lower in the warfarin group (SBP 130±14 mmHg vs. 134±12 mmHg, P=0.003; PP 58±12 mmHg vs. 62±11 mmHg, P=0.004), while DBP was not different (72±8 vs. 72±7 mmHg, P=0.64). Warfarin patients received more antihypertensive drugsand were seen more often than controls. Multiple regression analyses adjusting for relevant variables did not disclose an association between warfarin useand higher BP; on the contrary, exposure to warfarin was associated with lower SBP and PP on the multivariable models. Conclusion: Use of warfarin in conventional doses for an average of 5.5 years was not associated with increased BP in this cross-sectional study of patients with DM and hypertension.

Introdução: Em animais, a warfarina provoca calcificação arterial, rigidez arterial e hipertensão arterial (HA) sistólica. Dados preliminares em humanos sugerem que o mesmo efeito pode acontecer em pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) e/ou HA. Objetivo: Determinar se o uso da warfarina em pacientescom DM e HA resulta em elevação da pressão arterial ou pressão de pulso. Métodos: Estudo transversal de 159 pacientes com DM e HA que haviam sidotratados com warfarina por pelo menos 2 anos, e 159 controles pareados por idade, com DM e HA, mas que nunca haviam usado warfarina. O enfoqueprincipal na análise foi a diferença na pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e pressão de pulso (PP) entre os dois grupos. Resultados: A média de idade foi 73±10 anos em ambos os grupos. Os pacientes no grupo da warfarina haviam usado a droga por 5.5±3.1 anos. Pacientes no grupo da warfarina tinham uma prevalência maior de doença coronariana e insuficiência cardíaca. A PAS e PP foram mais baixas no grupo warfarina (PAS 130±14 mmHgvs. 134±12 mmHg, P=0.003; PP 58±12 mmHg vs. 62±11 mmHg, P=0.004), mas a PAD não diferiu entre os grupos (72±8 vs. 72±7 mmHg, P=0.64).Pacientes do grupo warfarina usaram mais drogas antihipertensivas e foram avaliados clinicamente com maior freqüência do que os controles. Regressão múltipla ajustada para fatores de relevância clínica não demonstrou nenhuma associação entre o uso da warfarina e elevação da pressão arterial. Pelo contrário, nos modelos de regressão múltipla, a exposição à warfarina associou-se a valores mais baixos de PAS e PP. Conclusão: O uso da warfarina em doses convencionais, por 5.5 anos, não associou-se a um aumento da pressão arterial neste estudo tranversal de pacientes com DM e hipertensão.

The Prevalence of Isolated Systolic Hypertension Among Routine Health Examines in A University Hospital in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Recently, there are many studies that highlights the importance of the systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure as a better prognostic factor than diastolic blood pressure especially in older persons. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly aged more than 60 years old who visit to hospital for routine health exam. METHODS: This study was done in one university hospital in a mid-sized city in Kyungki-provine of Korea, during one year from Feb. 1st, 2005. The study participants were people aged 60-yr-old or over who came to hospital for taking routine health examination offered by Korea's national health insurance corporation. We investigated the proportion of the isolated systolic hypertension among untreated hypertension by double-checked blood pressure. Besides we got information about eating habits, drinking and smoking status, exercise and stress, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, proteinuria and hematuria by standardized questionnaire and blood and unine test. RESULTS: The total number of participants were 2,480. Among them, 1,181 persons (47.6%) were males, 1,299 persons females (52.4%). 1,706 persons (68.8%) were in their sixties, 774 persons (31.2%) in their seventies or more. In males, 494 (41.8% of total males) had hypertension. Among 211 males with untreated hypertension, 109 (51.7%) had isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). In females, 551 (42.4% of total temales) had hypertension. Among 201 females with untreated hypertension, 132 (65.7%) had ISH. In male, body mass in dex (BMI), fasting blood gulcose and total cholesterol were significantly associated with ISH. In female BMI, age, drinking status were significant. In female, drinking status was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: In Korea older people aged 60 or more, isolated systolic hypertension is occupying most part of hypertension. As Korea is entering into a rapidly aging society, from now on, older persons with isolated systolic hypertension is expected to increase rapidly. In the future, The more studies and more active treatment for isolated systolic hypertension is to be required.

Effect of probucoi on the vascular endothelial function of old patients with isolated systolic hypertension / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the effect of probucol on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation(i,e.flow- mediated dilation,FMD) function of the old patients with isolated systolic hypertension.Methods In this single- blind study,a total of 64 old pariems with isolated systolic hypertension were randomized to receive conventional an- tihypertensive therapy and probucol (0.5g twice daily,group A,n=33) or receive conventional antihyperrensive therapy(group B,n=31) for 12 weeks.The levels of blood lipid were measured and vascular endothelial function was assessed in the brachial artery by high-resolution ultrasound technique in form of endothelium-dependent vasodi- latation before and after treatment.Results After 12-week treatment,the levels of TC,LDL-C and HDL-C in group A were significantly reduced compared with those before treatment(all P0.05).Flow-mediated dilatation parameters in both groups were obviously improved compared with those before treatment( P

The Research of Pulse Wave Velocity and Heart Rate Variability in patients with Isolated Systolic Hypertension / 中华高血压杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of pulse wave velocity(PWV)and heart rate variability (HRV)and evaluate their feasibility in grading the cardiovascular risk in patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).Methods Eighty-nine ISH patients and systolic-diastolic hypertension patients(DH,n=98)admitted in our hospital were submitted carotid-radial PWV(crPWV),carotid femoral PWV(cfPWV)and HRV,ISH patients were categorized depending on their risk grade as:low risk group(n=3),moderate risk group(n=17),high risk group(n=35)and very high risk group(n=34).Results The cfPWV in ISH patients is significantly higher than that of sys-diastolic hypertension group(ISH: 399.6?48.2 vs sys diastolic hypertension:374.3?39.7 cm/s,P0.05).The LF in ISH group are markedly higher than those in DH(ISH:4.35?1.07 log ms~2 vs 3.78?0.82 log ms~2,P 0.05).LF are markedly positive correlated with the degree of the total cardiovascular risk(rs=0.438,P

Impact of Age and Vascular Endothelial Function on Arterial Stiffness in Isolated Systolic Hypertersion / 中华高血压杂志

Objective To investigate the impact of aging and vascular endothelial function on arterial stiff- ness in patients with isolated systolic hypertension.Methods Patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH,n=75)age-matched healthy subjects(n=30)and young healthy subjects(n=50)were submitted to deter- mination of aortic pulse wave velocity(baPWV)and vascular endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dila- tion(FMD).Results baPWV was progresively decreased(ISH:2459.2?436.8 vs elderly healthy:2097.2? 315.7 vs young healthy:1619.7?214.2 cm/s,P

Clinical study of flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery in elder patients with isolated systolic hypertension combined with hyperlipidemia / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery(FMD) and cardiovascular risk factors as well as target organ damage in elder patients with isolated systolic hypertension(ISH).Methods Ninety patients with ISH were divided into two groups: ISH group(n=51) and ISH with hyperlipidemia group(n=39).Color Doppler ultrasound for FMD was performed on all the patients,and carotid artery ultrasound and cardiac ultrasound were also conducted. Results Patiens with hyperlipidemia had lower FMD than those of ISH group(P=0.021).It was revealed by univariate analysis that FMD was negatively related to systolic blood pressure,carotid intima-media thickness and total cholesterol(P